Law Drug Prevention And Control Law No 73/2021/QH14

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LAW DRUG PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam;
The National Assembly promulgates the Law on Drug Prevention and Control.

Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1. Scope of Regulation
This Law provides for drug prevention and control; management of illegal users of narcotics; drug detoxification; responsibilities of individuals, families, agencies and organizations in drug prevention and control; state management and international cooperation on drug prevention and control.
Article 2. Explanation of terminology
In this Law, the following terms shall be construed as follows:

1. Narcotic substances being addictive substances and psychotropic substances are specified in the list of narcotic substances promulgated by the Government.
2. Narcotic substances are neurostimulants or inhibitors, which are easy to cause addiction to users.
3. Psychotropic substances are substances that stimulate or depress nerves or cause hallucinations, which, if used repeatedly, may lead to addiction to users.
4. Precursors are chemicals that are indispensable in the process of preparation and production of narcotic substances and are specified in the list of precursors promulgated by the Government.
5. Veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and precursors are veterinary drugs containing substances specified in Clauses 2, 3 and 4 of this Article.
6. Plants containing narcotic substances are opium poppy, coca plants, marijuana plants and other plants containing narcotic substances prescribed by the Government.
7. Drug prevention and control means the prevention, suppression and fight against drug crimes and evils; control of lawful drug-related activities.
8. Drug evil means the illegal use of narcotic substances, drug addiction and acts of violating the drug law which are not serious enough to or are not examined for penal liability.
9. Control of lawful drug-related activities means the authorization, monitoring, inspection and supervision of lawful drug-related activities and the prevention and prevention of the abuse of such activities for other purposes.
10. Illegal users of narcotic substances are those who use narcotic substances without the permission of competent persons or specialized agencies and test positive for narcotic substances in their bodies.
11. Testing of narcotic substances in the body means the performance of professional techniques to identify narcotic substances in the body through urine samples, blood samples or other specimens of the human body.
12. Drug addict means a person who uses narcotics, addictive drugs or psychotropic drugs and is dependent on these substances.
13. Drug detoxication means the process of carrying out medical, psychological and social support activities to help drug addicts stop using narcotic substances, addictive drugs or psychotropic drugs, rehabilitate physically and mentally, raise awareness and change their behavior in order to stop the illegal use of these substances.
14. Drug detoxication establishment means an establishment established to fully implement the detoxication process under the provisions of this Law, including public drug detoxication establishments and voluntary drug detoxication establishments.

Article 3. State policies on drug prevention and control

1. To synchronously implement measures to prevent and combat drugs; in combination with HIV/AIDS prevention and control and other social evils.
2. To intensify propaganda and education activities on drug prevention and control; encourage organizations and individuals to participate in drug prevention and control propaganda and education.
3. To prioritize drug prevention and control resources for ethnic minority and mountainous areas, deep-lying and remote areas, islands, border areas and drug-complicated areas.
4. Officers and soldiers of specialized agencies in charge of drug-related crime prevention and combat, persons engaged in drug detoxication in public drug detoxication establishments are entitled to preferential regimes and policies suitable to the nature of their tasks and areas of operation according to the Government’s regulations.
5. To protect and support individuals, families, agencies and organizations participating in drug prevention and control.
6. To strictly manage illegal users of narcotic substances and drug addicts; encourage drug addicts to voluntarily quit drug addiction and treat addiction to opioids with alternative medicines; encourage individuals, families, agencies and organizations to participate in and support drug detoxification activities and post-drug detoxification management.
7. To ensure funding for compulsory drug detoxication; support for voluntary drug detoxification and post-drug detoxification management funds.
8. Domestic and foreign organizations and individuals investing in drug detoxication, post-drug detoxication management support, and drug relapse prevention and control shall be exempted from or reduced from land rents and enterprise income tax in accordance with law.
9. To encourage scientific research, technological development and application of high technologies in drug prevention and control.
10. Commendation and reward of individuals, organizations and agencies with achievements in drug prevention and control.

Article 4. Financial sources for drug prevention and control

1. The state budget.
2. Sources of funding, aid, investment and donations of domestic and foreign organizations and individuals.
3. Payments from families and drug addicts.
4. Other lawful financial sources.

Article 5. Prohibited acts

1. Planting trees containing narcotic substances, guiding the planting of plants containing narcotic substances.
2. Researching, assessing, testing, inspecting, producing, storing, transporting, preserving, storing, trading, distributing, handling, exchanging, exporting, importing, temporarily importing, re-exporting, temporarily exporting, re-importing, illegally transiting narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients are narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients, drug precursors, veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and precursors.
3. Appropriating narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients that are narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients, drug precursors, veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances or precursors.
4. Delivering, managing, controlling, storing, dispensing and preserving narcotic substances and precursors in contravention of law; allowing people to use narcotics, addictive drugs or psychotropic drugs in contravention of law.
5. Using or organizing the illegal use of narcotics; coercing or enticing others to illegally use narcotics; harboring and supporting the illegal use of narcotics.
6. Producing, storing, transporting, trading in means and tools used in the illegal production or use of narcotic substances.
7. Resisting or obstructing the testing of narcotic substances in the body, determination of drug addiction status, management of illegal users of narcotic substances, drug detoxication, post-detoxication management.
8. Retaliating against or obstructing persons performing drug prevention and control tasks or persons participating in drug prevention and combat.
9. Abusing their positions, powers and professions to violate the law on drug prevention and combat.
10. Guiding the illegal production and use of narcotics; advertising and marketing of narcotics.
11. Discriminating against illegal users of narcotic substances, drug detoxicators and post-drug detoxification persons.
12. Other acts prohibited by law related to drugs.

Chapter II

RESPONSIBILITIES FOR DRUG PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Article 6. Responsibilities of individuals and families

1. To propagate and educate family members and relatives about the harms of drugs and to comply with the provisions of law on drug prevention and control; manage and prevent family members from violating the law on drug prevention and control.
2. To strictly comply with the indications of competent persons on the use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and precursors.
3. To cooperate with functional agencies in the fight against drug crimes and evils; participating in supporting voluntary drug detoxification activities at home and community, drug detoxification at drug detoxification establishments and treatment of addiction to opioids with alternative medicines; monitor and help people after drug detoxification to integrate into the community; preventing and combating drug re-addiction.
4. To promptly supply information on drug crimes and evils and the planting of narcotic-containing trees to police offices or competent state agencies; participate in the removal of narcotic-containing plants organized by local authorities.

Article 7. Responsibilities of state agencies

1. To organize drug prevention and control in agencies and units; to prevent and prevent cadres, civil servants, public employees and employees under their management and officers and soldiers of the people’s armed forces from violating the law on drug prevention and control; propagating and mobilizing the people to detect, denounce and fight against drug crimes and evils.
2. To organize the implementation of the State’s undertakings and policies on socio-economic planning and development to replace the planting of narcotic-containing trees in areas where narcotic-containing plants are removed.

Article 8. Responsibilities of educational institutions

1. To organize the implementation of educational programs on drug prevention and control; disseminate and educate the law on drug prevention and control for pupils, students and trainees; strictly manage and prevent pupils, students and trainees from violating the law on drug prevention and control.
2. To coordinate with families, agencies, organizations and local administrations in managing and educating pupils, students and trainees in drug prevention and control.
3. Coordinate with competent agencies, organizations and individuals in organizing the testing of narcotic substances in the body when necessary to detect pupils, students and trainees illegally using narcotic substances.

Article 9. Responsibilities of press agencies

Press agencies shall coordinate with relevant agencies and organizations in propagating guidelines, policies and laws on drug prevention and control.

Article 10. Responsibilities of the Vietnam Fatherland Front, its member organizations and other organizations

1. To organize and coordinate with competent agencies in propagating and disseminating knowledge and law on drug prevention and control among the people; mobilize people to participate in drug prevention and control and implement drug prevention and control movements.
2. To prevent and prevent persons of their organizations and all citizens from violating the law on drug prevention and combat.
3. To coordinate with local administrations at all levels and competent agencies in mobilizing drug addicts to take measures to detoxify drug addicts and treat addiction to opioids with alternative medicines; participating in sensitization, education, vocational training, finding jobs and helping people after drug detoxification to integrate into the community; preventing and combating drug re-addiction.

Article 11. Specialized agencies in charge of drug crime prevention and combat

Specialized agencies in charge of drug crime prevention and combat include:
a) Specialized agencies in charge of drug-related crime prevention and combat under the People’s Public Security;
b) Specialized agencies in charge of drug crime prevention and combat under the Vietnam Border Guard, Vietnam Coast Guard and Customs.
Specialized agencies in charge of drug-related crime prevention and combat under the People’s Public Security shall, within the ambit of their tasks and powers, assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with relevant agencies and organizations in, carrying out activities of prevention, suppression and combat of drug-related crimes.
Specialized agencies in charge of drug-related crime prevention and combat under the Vietnam Border Guard, Vietnam Coast Guard and Customs shall, within the ambit of their tasks and powers, assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with police agencies, other relevant agencies and organizations in, carrying out prevention and combat activities. prevent and fight drug-related crimes in areas or areas under management and control.
In the same locality, when detecting acts of law violation related to the tasks and powers of many agencies, the first detecting agency shall have to handle them according to their competence prescribed by law; in case the case does not fall under its competence, the dossiers, persons and exhibits of law violations shall be transferred to the competent agencies to assume the prime responsibility for settlement.
The Government shall prescribe the coordination of specialized agencies in charge of drug-related crime prevention and combat.

Chapter III

CONTROL OF DRUG-RELATED LEGAL ACTIVITIES

Article 12. Drug-related legal activities

Drug-related lawful activities are activities permitted by competent state management agencies, including:
a) Research, assessment, testing, inspection and production of narcotic substances (excluding the cultivation of plants containing narcotic substances), precursors, narcotic drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients, drug precursors and veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances, precursors;
b) Transporting, preserving, storing, trading, distributing, using, handling and metabolizing narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients, drug precursors and veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances, precursors;
c) Importing, exporting, temporarily importing, re-exporting, temporarily exporting, re-importing or transiting narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients, drug precursors and veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances,
Drug-related lawful activities specified in Clause 1 of this Article shall be strictly controlled in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws.

Article 13. Control of research, assessment and production of narcotic substances and precursors

1. Activities of research, assessment and production of narcotic substances (excluding the cultivation of plants containing narcotic substances) and precursors must be monitored, inspected and supervised by competent state agencies.
2. The Government shall prescribe competent agencies for permitting, order and procedures for permitting, monitoring, inspection and supervision specified in Clause 1 of this Article.

Article 14. Control of the transportation of narcotic substances and precursors

1. Agencies, organizations and individuals that have been permitted by competent state agencies may transport narcotic substances and precursors; when transporting them, they must be packed and sealed according to regulations of competent agencies; take responsibility for quantity and quality, take measures to protect safety, prevent loss during transportation and submit to the monitoring, inspection and supervision of competent state agencies.
2. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 15. Control of activities related to addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients and drug precursors

The control of activities related to addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients and drug precursors shall comply with the provisions of the law on pharmacy, except for the activities specified at Point b, Clause 1 and Clause 2, Article 17 of this Law.

Article 16. Control of activities related to veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and precursors

The control of activities related to veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and precursors shall comply with the Government’s regulations.

Article 17. Control of import, export, temporary import, re-export, temporary export, re-import, transit of narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients and drug precursors

The following activities must be permitted by competent agencies:
a) Import, export, temporary import, re-export, temporary export or re-import of narcotic substances and precursors;
b) Temporarily importing, re-exporting, temporarily exporting or re-importing addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients or drug precursors.
Narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients and drug precursors must comply with the itinerary stated in the transit permit. Agencies and organizations performing the transit must carry out procedures and submit to the control of customs offices and competent agencies of Vietnam.
The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 18. Documenting drug-related lawful activities

Agencies, organizations and individuals, when conducting the activities specified in Clause 1, Article 12 of this Law, shall have to compile dossiers and report according to the Government’s regulations.

Article 19. Control of lawful activities related to drugs for defense and security purposes

Activities of research, assessment, production, transportation, storage, preservation, use, import, export, temporary import, re-export, temporary export, re-import, transit of narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients and psychotropic active ingredients, etc  precursors used as drugs, veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and precursors for defense and security purposes shall comply with the Government’s regulations.

Article 20. Control of narcotic drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs for the purpose of first aid and emergency treatment during journeys, international travel, treatment of diseases for persons entering, exiting or transiting

1. The carrying of addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs and precursor drugs for first aid and emergency treatment on ships, aircraft, trains, automobiles or other means of transport during international journeys or tourism shall not be regarded as carrying exports, imports or transit goods in the territory of Vietnam.

Commanders and operators of means of transport shall have to declare to the Vietnamese customs offices, explain the quantity of drugs used, apply appropriate safety measures to prevent the improper use or illegal transportation of such drugs and submit to the control of competent Vietnamese agencies.

2. The carrying of addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs and precursor drugs for the treatment of diseases for persons entering, exiting or transiting through the territory of Vietnam shall comply with the Government’s regulations and be subject to the control of competent Vietnamese agencies.

Article 21. Handling of narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients, drug precursors, veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and seized in cases of law violations

Narcotic substances, precursors, addictive drugs, psychotropic drugs, precursor drugs, medicinal ingredients being narcotic active ingredients, psychotropic active ingredients, drug precursors, veterinary drugs containing narcotic substances and precursors seized in criminal cases or administrative violation cases shall be handled in accordance with the law on criminal procedures.  law on handling of administrative violations.

Chapter IV

MANAGEMENT OF ILLEGAL DRUG USERS

Article 22. Testing for narcotics in the body

Testing of narcotic substances in the body shall be carried out for persons in the following cases:
a) Persons who are detected illegally using narcotics;
b) Persons whom competent agencies or persons have grounds to believe have committed acts of illegal use of narcotic substances;
c) Illegal users of narcotic substances within the management period;
d) Persons who are being administratively handled in communes, wards or townships due to acts of illegal use of narcotics; are detoxifying from drugs; are treating addiction to opioids with alternative medicines; are in the post-drug detoxification management period.
Heads of drug detoxication establishments and establishments treating addiction to opioids with alternative medicines; persons competent to sanction administrative violations for acts of illegal use of narcotic substances shall conduct narcotic testing according to their competence or request specialized agencies or persons to test narcotic substances in their bodies for the cases specified in Clause 1 of this Article.
In case of a positive test result, the result shall be immediately sent to the Chairperson of the commune-level People’s Committee of the locality where the person with a positive test result resides, unless such person is undergoing compulsory drug detoxification.
The State shall ensure funding for testing narcotic substances in the body for the cases specified in Clause 1 of this Article.

Article 23. Management of illegal drug users

1. Management of illegal users of narcotic substances means a preventive measure to help illegal users of narcotic substances not to continue illegally using narcotic substances and prevent their acts of violating the law.

Managing illegal users of narcotics is not an administrative handling measure.

The time limit for management of illegal users of narcotic substances is 01 year from the date the commune-level People’s Committee chairperson issues the management decision.
Contents of management of illegal users of narcotic substances include:
a) Advise, encourage, educate and assist illegal users of narcotic substances so that they do not continue to illegally use narcotic substances;
b) Testing for narcotic substances in the body;
c) Preventing illegal users of narcotic substances from committing acts that cause social disorder and safety.
Within 03 working days from the date of receipt of positive test results of local residents, commune-level People’s Committee presidents shall issue decisions and organize the management of illegal drug users residing in localities.
Within the management duration, the commune-level People’s Committee president shall issue a decision to stop the management of illegal users of narcotic substances in the following cases:
a) Illegal users of narcotic substances identified as drug addicts;
b) Illegal users of narcotic substances are subject to administrative handling measures for education in communes, wards or townships due to acts of illegal use of narcotic substances;
c) Illegal users of narcotic substances who are subject to administrative-handling measures and sent to compulsory education institutions or reformatories;
d) Illegal users of narcotic substances shall be sentenced to imprisonment;
dd) Illegal users of narcotic substances on the management list die or are declared missing by the court.
The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 24. Responsibilities of illegal users of narcotic substances

1. To provide sufficient and accurate information on their acts of illegal use of narcotic substances to the commune-level police offices of the localities where they reside.
2. To abide by the management of commune-level People’s Committees.

Article 25. Responsibilities of families, agencies, organizations and communities in the management of illegal users of narcotic substances

Families of illegal users of narcotic substances shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Managing and educating illegal users of narcotic substances; prevent illegal use of narcotics;
b) Providing information on acts of illegal use of narcotic substances by illegal users of narcotic substances to the commune-level police of the localities where such persons reside;
c) Preventing illegal users of narcotic substances from committing acts that cause social disorder and safety;
d) Coordinate with competent agencies in sending illegal users of narcotic substances to be tested for narcotic substances in their bodies.
Agencies and organizations where illegal users of narcotic substances work and communities where illegal users of narcotic substances live shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Encourage, assist and educate illegal users of narcotics; prevent illegal use of narcotics;
b) Coordinate with their families and competent agencies in sending illegal users of narcotic substances to be tested for narcotic substances in their bodies.

Article 26. Making a list of illegal users of narcotics

Commune-level police offices shall assist the People’s Committees of the same level in compiling lists of illegal users of narcotic substances residing in their localities.
When a person illegally uses narcotic substances changes his/her place of residence, the commune-level police of the place of relocation shall notify the commune-level police of the place of relocation within 05 working days from the date on which such person moves out of the locality for inclusion in the list and continue to manage it.
Commune-level police shall assist the People’s Committees of the same level in removing them from the list of illegal users of narcotic substances in the following cases:
a) The illegal user of narcotic substances does not commit acts of illegal use of narcotic substances during the management period specified in Clause 2, Article 23 of this Law;
b) Illegal users of narcotic substances in the case of suspension of management specified in Clause 5, Article 23 of this Law;
c) Illegal users of narcotic substances move to reside in other localities.

Chapter V

DRUG DETOXIFICATION

Article 27. Determination of drug addiction

Determination of drug addiction status shall be carried out for persons in the following cases:
a) Illegal users of narcotic substances who are under management are detected illegally using narcotic substances;
b) Illegal users of narcotic substances do not have a stable place of residence;
c) Persons who are being subject to administrative handling measures for education in communes, wards or townships due to acts of illegal use of narcotic substances or within 01 year from the date of completion of administrative handling measures for education in communes, wards, townships are found to be illegally using narcotic substances due to acts of illegal use of narcotics;
d) Persons who are under post-detoxication management and are found to illegally use narcotics;
dd) Persons who voluntarily determine their drug addiction status.
The commune-level police offices of the localities where the persons falling into the cases specified at Points a, b, c and d, Clause 1 of this Article are detected shall compile dossiers to request competent medical establishments to determine their drug addiction status.
In case the district-level police or provincial-level police directly detect or in the course of investigating and accepting cases of law violations, the cases specified at Points a, b, c and d, Clause 1 of this Article are detected, the police offices that are handling the dossiers shall compile dossiers to request competent medical establishments to determine the status of drug addiction drugs.
When there are results of determination of drug addiction status, medical establishments shall immediately send the results to the requesting agencies and persons whose drug addiction status is determined.
Persons proposed for determination of drug addiction status shall have the following rights and responsibilities:
a) To be guaranteed honor and dignity; support for travel, accommodation, treatment of withdrawal syndrome and accompanying diseases during the period of determining drug addiction;
b) Comply with internal rules and regulations of establishments determining drug addiction status; truthfully declare to health workers about the history of drug use, manifestations of drug use;
c) Persons aged full 18 years or older or their parents, guardians or lawful representatives of persons aged between full 12 and under 18 years specified at Points a, b, c and dd, Clause 1 of this Article, upon receiving the results of determination of drug addiction, shall register for voluntary drug detoxication under the provisions of Article 28 of this Law or register the treatment of addiction to opioids with alternative medicines in case of addiction to opioids with the commune-level People’s Committees of the localities where they reside.
The Government shall prescribe medical establishments that are eligible for determination of drug addiction status; dossiers, order and procedures for determining drug addiction status.
The Minister of Health shall prescribe diagnostic criteria and professional procedures for determining drug addiction status.
The State shall ensure funding for determination of drug addiction status for the cases specified at Points a, b, c and d, Clause 1 of this Article.

Article 28. Drug detoxification measures

Drug detoxication measures include:
a) Voluntary drug detoxification;
b) Compulsory drug detoxification.
Voluntary drug detoxication measures shall be implemented at home, community or at drug detoxication establishments; compulsory drug detoxification measures shall be implemented at public drug detoxification establishments.

Article 29. Drug detoxification process

The drug detoxication process includes the following stages:
a) Receipt and classification;
b) Treatment of detoxification, detoxification, treatment of mental disorders, treatment of other diseases;
c) Education, counseling and rehabilitation of behavior and personality;
d) Occupational therapy and vocational training;
dd) Preparation for community reintegration.
The compulsory drug detoxication must fully ensure the stages specified in Clause 1 of this Article; the voluntary drug detoxication must ensure the completion of all 03 stages specified at Points a, b and c, Clause 1 of this Article.
The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 30. Voluntary drug detoxification at home and community

Voluntary drug detoxication at home or community means that drug addicts carry out voluntary detoxication at home or community with the professional support of organizations and individuals providing drug detoxication services, coordination and assistance of their families, communities and under the management of commune-level People’s Committees.
The duration of voluntary drug detoxification at home or community is from full 06 months to 12 months.
Voluntary drug detoxifiers at home or community who have completed at least 03 stages specified at Points a, b and c, Clause 1, Article 29 of this Law shall be entitled to financial support.
Persons voluntarily detoxicated from drugs at home or in the community shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Properly and fully comply with regulations on voluntary drug detoxication and comply with the guidance of specialized agencies;
b) Pay expenses related to drug detoxication as prescribed.
Presidents of commune-level People’s Committees shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Receive registration for voluntary drug detoxication at home or in the community;
b) Guide and manage voluntary drug detoxicators at home or in the community;
c) Issue certificates of completion of voluntary drug detoxification at home or in the community.
Presidents of district-level People’s Committees shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Assign tasks to public non-business units under their competence in their localities to provide voluntary drug detoxication services at home and in the community;
b) Receive, register and announce the list of organizations and individuals eligible to provide voluntary drug detoxification services at home or in the community;
c) Notify the commune-level People’s Committee of the list of organizations and individuals providing voluntary drug detoxication services at home or in the community;
d) Allocate funds to support voluntary drug detoxification at home and in the community;
dd) Direct, guide and inspect voluntary drug detoxification at home and community.
Drug detoxication establishments, organizations and individuals that are eligible to provide one or more detoxication activities according to the drug detoxication process specified in Clause 1, Article 29 of this Law may provide voluntary drug detoxication services at home or in the community and have the following responsibilities:
a) Receive and organize the provision of voluntary drug detoxification services at home and in the community;
b) Strictly comply with professional processes as prescribed by competent agencies;
c) Within 05 working days from the date on which the drug detoxifier uses the service or voluntarily terminates the use of the service or completes the service, it must notify the commune-level People’s Committee of the locality where the person registers for voluntary drug detoxification at home.
Organizations and individuals that fully meet the conditions may register the provision of voluntary drug detoxication services at home or in the community with the presidents of district-level People’s Committees.
The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 31. Voluntary drug detoxification at drug detoxification establishments

The duration of voluntary drug detoxication at drug detoxication establishments is from full 06 months to 12 months.
Voluntary drug detoxicators at drug detoxication establishments who have completed at least 03 stages specified at Points a, b and c, Clause 1, Article 29 of this Law shall be supported with financial support.
Voluntary drug detoxicators at drug detoxication establishments shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Properly and fully comply with regulations on voluntary drug detoxication and comply with the guidance of specialized agencies;
b) Pay expenses related to drug detoxication as prescribed.
In case a person voluntarily detoxicates at a public drug detoxication establishment and has difficult circumstances, he or she shall be considered for reduction or exemption of the payable expenses.
Drug detoxication establishments shall issue certificates of completion of voluntary drug detoxication to drug detoxicators.
The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 32. Subjects subject to administrative-handling measures sent to compulsory detoxification establishments

Drug addicts aged full 18 years or older shall be subject to administrative-handling measures and sent to compulsory detoxification establishments under the provisions of the Law on Handling of Administrative Violations in one of the following cases:

1. Failing to register, perform or voluntarily terminate voluntary drug detoxication;
2. During the voluntary drug detoxification period, they are found to be illegally using narcotic substances;
3. Opioid drug addicts who fail to register, fail to perform or voluntarily terminate their addiction treatment for opioids with alternative medicines or are terminated from treatment for addiction to opioids with alternative medicines due to violations of regulations on addiction treatment;
4. During the post-drug detoxication management period, they relapse.

Article 33. Drug detoxification for persons aged between full 12 and under 18 years old

Drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years old shall be sent to compulsory detoxification establishments in one of the following cases:
a) Failing to register, perform or voluntarily terminate voluntary drug detoxication;
b) During the period of voluntary drug detoxification, they are found to be illegally using narcotic substances;
c) Drug addicts who fail to register, fail to perform or arbitrarily terminate treatment of addiction to opioids with alternative medicines or are terminated from treatment of addiction to opioids with alternative medicines due to violations of regulations on addiction treatment.
Drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 who are sent to compulsory detoxication establishments shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Comply with regulations on compulsory drug detoxication, internal rules and regulations and submit to the management, education and treatment of compulsory detoxication establishments;
b) Participating in activities of treatment, treatment, education, counseling, cultural learning, vocational training, occupational therapy and behavior and personality rehabilitation activities.
The duration of compulsory drug detoxification for drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years is from full 06 months to 12 months.
The sending of drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years old to compulsory detoxification establishments shall be decided by district-level People’s Courts and shall not be administrative-handling measures.
The Standing Committee of the National Assembly shall prescribe the order and procedures for the People’s Courts to consider and decide on the sending of drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years old to compulsory detoxification establishments.

Article 34. Compilation of dossiers of request for sending to compulsory detoxification establishments for drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years old

The compilation of dossiers of request for sending to compulsory detoxification establishments for drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years old shall be made as follows:
a) Presidents of commune-level People’s Committees of the localities where such persons reside or commit acts of violation, in case their places of residence cannot be identified, shall compile dossiers of request for consignment to compulsory detoxification establishments;
b) In case a drug addict is detected by the district-level or provincial-level police or in the course of investigating and accepting cases of law violation and the subject is between full 12 and under 18 years old and is subject to compulsory detoxification establishment, the police office handling the case shall conduct verification. collect documents and make dossiers of request for sending such persons to compulsory detoxification establishments;
c) The dossier of request includes the record of the violation, the curriculum vitae, documents proving the current drug addiction status of the person, the report of the drug addict or his/her lawful representative, the opinion of the parent, guardian or lawful representative;
d) The commune-level police shall assist the president of the People’s Committee of the same level in collecting documents and compiling the dossier of request specified at Point a, Clause 1 of this Article.
Agencies and persons making dossiers of proposals specified in Clause 1 of this Article shall be responsible for the legality of dossiers of proposals. After completing the compilation of the dossier, the agency or dossier maker must notify in writing the person proposed to be sent to the compulsory detoxification establishment, his/her parents, guardians or lawful representatives of the dossier. These persons have the right to read the dossier and write opinions on the preparation of the dossier within 03 working days from the date of receipt of the notice.
Within 01 working day from the expiration of the time limit for reading the dossier, the agency or person who has made the dossier shall send the dossier to the head of the district-level Division of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs of the locality where the proposed person resides or commits the violation in case the place of residence cannot be determined. Within 02 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier, the head of the district-level Division of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs shall decide to transfer the dossier to the district-level People’s Court for decision on sending to a compulsory detoxification facility. In case the dossier is incomplete, the head of the district-level Division of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs shall transfer it to the agency or person who made the dossier to supplement the dossier, the time limit for supplementation is 02 working days from the date of receipt of the dossier. Within 02 working days from the date of receipt of the supplementary dossier, the head of the district-level Division of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs shall decide on the transfer of the dossier to the district-level People’s Court for decision on sending to a compulsory detoxification facility.
A dossier of request for district-level People’s Courts to consider and decide to send them to compulsory detoxification establishments comprises:
a) A dossier of request for sending to a compulsory detoxification facility specified at Point c, Clause 1 of this Article;
b) The written request of the head of the district-level Division of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs on the request for consideration of sending to a compulsory detoxification facility.
The content of the document of the Head of the Division of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs must state opinions on the protection of children’s rights.
Dossiers of application for sending drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years old to compulsory detoxification establishments must be marked and archived in accordance with the law on archiving.
The Government shall detail the compilation of dossiers of request for sending drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years to compulsory detoxification establishments; the drug detoxification regime applies to people from full 12 years old to under 18 years old.

Article 35. Public drug detoxification establishments

Public drug detoxication establishments shall be established under decisions of provincial-level People’s Committee presidents.
Public drug detoxication establishments must arrange the following areas:
a) Temporary accommodation areas for persons proposed to be determined of drug addiction status and persons who during the time of making dossiers of request for application of administrative-handling measures are sent to compulsory detoxification establishments;
b) Compulsory drug detoxification zones;
c) Voluntary drug detoxification zones;
d) Detoxification areas for persons aged between full 12 and under 18 years;
dd) Detoxification areas for persons suffering from group A and group B infectious diseases in accordance with the Law on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases;
e) Detoxification zones for persons who commit acts of disturbing order or violating internal rules and regulations of drug detoxication establishments.
In the zones specified in Clause 2 of this Article, separate areas for men and separate areas for women must be arranged. Persons with differences between the entity and the gender recorded in the dossier and resume shall be managed in a separate room in the area according to the gender expressed on the student entity.
Activities of public drug detoxication establishments include:
a) Receive and organize drug detoxication for drug addicts who are sent to compulsory detoxification establishments and drug addicts who voluntarily detoxify;
b) Determine the drug addiction status;
c) Receiving, managing, educating, consulting and treating withdrawal syndromes, treatment of mental disorders and other diseases for persons who are in the process of compiling dossiers of application for sending to compulsory detoxification establishments.
Public drug detoxication establishments have the following rights:
a) Receiving drug addicts into voluntary drug detoxication in accordance with the capacity of detoxication establishments;
b) Heads of public drug detoxication establishments may decide to apply appropriate measures to manage, educate and treat drug detoxicators.
Public drug detoxication establishments shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Comply with regulations on determination of drug addiction status, drug detoxification process, management of persons who are in the process of compiling dossiers of request for sending to compulsory detoxication establishments;
b) Respect the life, health, honor, dignity and property of drug detoxicators, persons proposed to determine their drug addiction status and persons who are in the process of compiling dossiers of request for sending to compulsory detoxication establishments;
c) Ensuring the rights of drug addicts during the detoxification period and granting certificates of completion of compulsory drug detoxication to persons aged between full 12 and under 18 years;
d) Heads of public drug detoxication establishments shall ensure operating conditions of drug detoxication establishments; publicly post up drug detoxification expenses at establishments in accordance with law;
dd) Prevent and combat the smuggling of drugs into establishments;
e) Within 05 working days from the date on which the person is voluntarily detoxicated or receives or voluntarily terminates the use of the service or completes the drug detoxification process, he or she must notify the commune-level People’s Committee of the locality where he/she registers for voluntary drug detoxication.
The Government shall prescribe conditions on material foundations, equipment and personnel of public drug detoxication establishments and the management regime at public drug detoxication establishments.

Article 36. Voluntary drug detoxification establishments

Voluntary drug detoxication establishments established by individuals and organizations providing drug detoxication services. The Government shall prescribe the conditions and competence, order and procedures for granting and revoking operation licenses of voluntary drug detoxication establishments.
Voluntary drug detoxication establishments shall have the following rights:
a) Receiving drug addicts into voluntary drug detoxication in accordance with the capacity of detoxication establishments;
b) To collect expenses related to drug detoxication;
c) To enjoy preferential regimes as prescribed by law.
Voluntary drug detoxication establishments shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Comply with the drug detoxification process;
b) Respect the life, health, honor, dignity and property of drug detoxicators;
c) Ensuring the rights of drug addicts aged between full 12 and under 18 years old during the period of drug detoxication;
d) The head of the drug detoxication establishment shall ensure the operation conditions of the drug detoxication establishment; publicly post up expenses related to drug detoxification at establishments in accordance with law;
dd) Prevent and combat the smuggling of drugs into establishments;
e) Arrange separate areas or rooms when receiving subjects who are from full 12 years old to under 18 years old, people suffering from infectious diseases of group A and group B in accordance with the Law on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases and women; persons with differences between the entity and the gender recorded in the dossier and resume shall be managed in a separate room in the area according to the gender expressed on the student’s entity;
g) Within 05 working days from the date on which the drug detoxicator receives or voluntarily terminates the use of the service or completes the drug detoxification process, it must notify the commune-level People’s Committee of the locality where he/she registers for voluntary drug detoxication.

Article 37. Apply drug detoxification measures to Vietnamese who are expelled by foreign countries for illegal use of narcotic substances or drug addiction; foreigners addicted to drugs living in Vietnam

1. Vietnamese who are expelled to Vietnam by foreign countries due to acts of illegal use of narcotic substances or drug addiction must be determined when they return home. In case of being determined to be addicted to drugs, such persons shall have to take measures to detoxify from drug addiction in accordance with the provisions of this Law.
2. Foreigners addicted to drugs living in Vietnam shall have to register for voluntary drug detoxication at drug detoxication establishments in accordance with the provisions of this Law and must pay all expenses related to drug detoxication. In case of failing to carry out voluntary drug detoxification, such person shall be handled according to the provisions of law.

Article 38. Drug detoxification for persons in custody, prisoners, campers of compulsory education institutions, pupils of reformatories

1. The State shall apply appropriate detoxication measures to drug addicts who are persons in custody, prisoners, campers of compulsory education establishments and pupils of reformatories.
2. Prison superintendents, custodial camp superintendents, detention house heads, directors of compulsory education establishments and reformatory school principals shall closely coordinate with local medical establishments in implementing the provisions of Clause 1 of this Article.

Article 39. Exemption from serving the remaining time in the decision to send to a compulsory detoxification facility for persons aged between full 14 and under 18 years old who are undergoing compulsory drug detoxication

Persons aged between full 14 and under 18 years who are undergoing compulsory drug detoxification and are found to have committed criminal acts before or during the time of serving the decision on compulsory drug detoxication and are sentenced to imprisonment by the court but are not entitled to a suspended sentence shall be exempted from serving the remaining time in the decision to send them to a compulsory detoxification establishment.

Article 40. Post-drug detoxification management at the place of residence

Persons who have completed voluntary drug detoxication, persons who have completed treatment of addiction to opioids with alternative medicines, persons aged between full 12 and under 18 years who have completely served the decision to be sent to compulsory detoxication establishments shall be subject to post-drug detoxication management within 01 year from the date of completion of detoxication or execution made a decision.
Persons who have completely served the decisions on application of administrative-handling measures and sent to compulsory detoxification establishments shall be subject to post-drug detoxication management within 02 years from the date of complete execution of the decisions.
Contents of post-drug detoxication management include:
a) Make a list of persons subject to post-drug detoxication management;
b) Consulting, assisting, preventing and combating drug relapse;
c) Monitoring, detecting and preventing acts of illegal use of narcotics.
Social support during the post-drug detoxication management period includes:
a) Support for cultural learning for persons aged between full 12 and under 18 years;
b) Support for vocational training, loans, job search and participation in social activities to integrate into the community.
Presidents of commune-level People’s Committees shall issue decisions and organize the management and social support after drug detoxication.
The Government shall prescribe dossiers, order, procedures, management regimes and support policies for persons under management after drug detoxication.

Article 41. Harm reduction interventions for illegal users of narcotic substances and drug addicts

Intervention measures to reduce harms to illegal users of narcotic substances and drug addicts are measures to reduce harms related to acts of illegal use of narcotic substances caused to themselves, their families and the community.
Harm reduction intervention measures for illegal users of narcotic substances and drug addicts include:
a) Treatment of addiction to opioids with alternative medicines;
b) Other measures as prescribed by the Government.

Article 42. Responsibilities of families of drug addicts and communities

Families of drug addicts shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Supporting drug addicts in the process of drug detoxication, post-drug detoxication and community integration;
b) Coordinate with competent agencies and persons in compiling dossiers of application of compulsory drug detoxication measures; coordinate with relevant agencies, organizations and units in supporting drug addicts in the process of drug detoxification, post-drug detoxification management and community integration.
Communities where drug addicts reside shall have the following responsibilities:
a) Encourage and assist drug addicts;
b) Coordinate with relevant agencies, organizations and units in supporting drug addicts in the process of drug detoxication, post-drug detoxication management and community integration.

Article 43. Making a list of drug addicts and persons under management after drug detoxification

Commune-level police offices shall assist the People’s Committees of the same level in compiling lists of drug addicts and persons managed after drug detoxication residing in their localities.
When a drug addict or a person under post-drug detoxication management changes his/her place of residence, the commune-level police of the locality where he/she is transferred shall notify the commune-level police of the place of relocation within 05 working days from the date he/she moves out of the locality for inclusion in the list and coordination in management.
The commune-level police shall assist the People’s Committee of the same level in removing from the list of drug addicts and persons subject to post-drug detoxication management in the following cases:
a) Within the post-detoxication management period specified in Clauses 1 and 2, Article 40 of this Law, the person is not detected to illegally use narcotic substances;
b) Drug addicts and persons who are managed after drug detoxication shall have to serve imprisonment sentences;
c) Drug addicts or persons under post-drug detoxication management who move to reside in other localities;
d) Drug addicts or persons under management after drug detoxication die or are declared missing by courts.

Chapter VI

STATE MANAGEMENT OF DRUG PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Article 44. Contents of state management of drug prevention and control

1. To formulate and organize the implementation of strategies, undertakings, policies and plans on drug prevention and control.
2. To promulgate and organize the implementation of legal documents on drug prevention and control.
3. To organize the apparatus, train and retrain persons in charge of drug prevention and control.
4. To control lawful activities related to drugs.
5. To carry out drug detoxication and post-detoxication management.
6. Organizing the fight against drugs.
7. To carry out state statistics on drug prevention and control.
8. To organize the research and application of scientific and technological advances in drug prevention and control.
9. To organize propaganda and education on drug prevention and control.
10. International cooperation in drug prevention and control.
11. To commend, examine, inspect, settle complaints and denunciations and handle violations of the law on drug prevention and combat.

Article 45. Responsibilities for state management of drug prevention and control

1. The Government shall perform the unified state management of drug prevention and control.
2. The Ministry of Public Security shall be the focal point in assisting the Government in performing the state management of drug prevention and combat.
3. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies and government-attached agencies shall, within the ambit of their tasks and powers, have to implement and coordinate with relevant agencies and organizations in drug prevention and control.
4. People’s Committees at all levels shall, within the scope of their tasks and powers, perform the state management of drug prevention and control in their localities.

Article 46. Responsibilities of the Ministry of Public Security

1. To promulgate according to its competence or submit to competent state agencies for promulgation legal documents on drug prevention and control.
2. To assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with relevant agencies and organizations in, drug prevention and combat; to organize the receipt and processing of information on drug-related crimes; control lawful drug-related activities according to their competence.
3. To organize the assessment of narcotic substances and precursors.
4. To train and retrain persons in charge of investigation and combat of drug-related crimes.
5. To guide the compilation of lists of illegal users of narcotic substances, drug addicts and persons subject to post-detoxication management.
6. To assume the prime responsibility for implementing state statistics on drug prevention and control; management of information on drug-related crimes, illegal users of narcotics, drug addicts, persons under management after drug detoxification and results of control of lawful drug-related activities.
7. To carry out international cooperation in drug prevention and control.

Article 47. Responsibilities of the Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs

1. To promulgate according to its competence or submit to competent state agencies for promulgation legal documents on drug prevention and control.
2. To assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with concerned agencies and organizations and local administrations in, guiding the organization of voluntary drug detoxication at home and community, drug detoxication at drug detoxication establishments and post-drug detoxication management.
3. To guide the establishment, dissolution and organization of operation of public drug detoxication establishments.
4. To train and retrain persons in charge of drug detoxication and post-drug detoxication management.
5. To guide and direct the propagation and education of drug prevention and control in the system of vocational education institutions.
6. To carry out international cooperation on drug detoxication.
7. Statistics on drug addicts who are voluntarily detoxifying from drugs at home or community, and detoxification at drug detoxication establishments.

Article 48. Responsibilities of the Ministry of National Defense

1. To promulgate according to its competence or submit to competent state agencies for promulgation legal documents on drug prevention and control.
2. To organize the implementation of drug prevention and control plans in border areas on land and sea, areas adjacent to territorial seas, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf.
3. To direct the Vietnam Border Guard and Coast Guard to assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with relevant agencies and organizations and functional forces in, receiving and handling information on drug-related crimes, detecting, preventing and combating acts of violating the drug-related law, control of lawful drug-related activities in the areas and localities specified in Clause 2 of this Article in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws.
4. To train and retrain persons in charge of drug-related crime prevention and combat of the Vietnam Border Guard and Coast Guard.
5. Statistics on drug addicts in prisons, detention camps and detention houses under the management of the Ministry of National Defense.

Article 49. Responsibilities of the Ministry of Health

1. To promulgate according to its competence or submit to competent state agencies for promulgation legal documents on drug prevention and control.
2. To conduct research on drugs and methods of drug detoxication; granting and revoking licenses for circulation of drugs and drug detoxification methods; support for people, medical expertise and techniques for drug detoxification.
3. Statistics on persons undergoing treatment of addiction to opioids with alternative medicines.

Article 50. Responsibilities of the Ministry of Finance

Direct customs offices to carry out drug prevention and control activities in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws.

Chapter VII

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON DRUG PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Article 51. Principles of international cooperation on drug prevention and control

1. The State of Vietnam shall implement international treaties on drug prevention and control and other relevant treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party on the principle of respect for independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and mutual benefit; cooperate with other countries, international organizations, foreign organizations and individuals in drug prevention and control activities.
2. On the basis of treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party, the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws, and signed international agreements, competent agencies of Vietnam shall implement cooperation programs on prevention and fighting drugs with relevant agencies of other countries, international organizations, foreign organizations and individuals.

Article 52. Policies on international cooperation in drug prevention and control

The State of Vietnam implements the policy of multilateral and bilateral international cooperation in the field of drug prevention and control on the principle of respecting national independence and sovereignty with other countries; encourage international organizations, foreign organizations and individuals to cooperate with Vietnamese agencies and organizations in providing mutual support in terms of material foundations, strengthening legal capacity, information, training technology and health for drug prevention and control activities.

Article 53. Controlled transfer of goods

The State of Vietnam shall implement requests for controlled transfer of goods on the basis of treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party in order to detect and prosecute criminal liability for drug-related offenders. The decision on application and implementation of this measure shall comply with the agreement between the competent agencies of Vietnam and the concerned countries.

Chapter VIII

IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS

Article 54. Enforcement effect

1. This Law takes effect from January 1, 2022.
2. The Law on Drug Prevention and Control No. 23/2000/QH10, which has been amended and supplemented by a number of articles under Law No. 16/2008/QH12, ceases to be effective from the effective date of this Law.

Article 55. Transitional Regulations

From the effective date of this Law:
a) Persons who are undergoing voluntary drug detoxication at home, community or at detoxication establishments shall continue to carry out voluntary drug detoxication until the end of the registered time limit under the provisions of the amended Drug Prevention and Control Law No. 23/2000/QH10. supplementing a number of articles under Law No. 16/2008/QH12 and being managed after drug detoxication in accordance with the provisions of this Law;
b) Persons who are being managed after drug detoxication shall continue to abide by the decisions on post-detoxication management until the end of the post-detoxication management duration under the provisions of the Law on Drug Prevention and Control No. 23/2000/QH10, which has been amended and supplemented by a number of articles under Law No. 16/2008/QH12. In case a person who is under post-drug detoxication management is full 18 years old from the effective date of this Law and relapses, the administrative-handling measure of sending him or her to a compulsory detoxification establishment shall be applied;
c) Persons who are serving decisions on compulsory drug detoxication in the community under the provisions of the Law on Drug Prevention and Control No. 23/2000/QH10, which has been amended and supplemented by a number of articles under Law No. 16/2008/QH12, shall be entitled to register for voluntary detoxication under the provisions of this Law. The time of serving the decision on compulsory drug detoxication in the community shall be counted into the time limit for voluntary drug detoxication;
d) Persons who are required to be sent to compulsory detoxification establishments under the provisions of the Law on Drug Prevention and Control No. 23/2000/QH10, which has been amended and supplemented by a number of articles under Law No. 16/2008/QH12 and are in the process of compiling dossiers of being sent to compulsory detoxication establishments, shall undergo drug detoxication in accordance with the provisions of this Law;
dd) The license related to lawful drug-related activities that has been granted shall continue to be used until the expiration of the duration stated in the license.
Within 02 years from the effective date of this Law, compulsory drug detoxication establishments established under the provisions of the Law on Drug Prevention and Control No. 23/2000/QH10 which has been amended and supplemented by a number of articles under Law No. 16/2008/QH12 must fully satisfy the conditions of public drug detoxication establishments under the provisions of this Law.

Other drug detoxification establishments under the provisions of the Law on Drug Prevention and Control No. 23/2000/QH10 which have been amended and supplemented a number of articles under Law No. 16/2008/QH12 which have been granted operation licenses before the effective date of this Law may continue to operate until the expiration of their licenses.

This Law was approved by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 11th session on March 30, 2021.

This translation was prepared by An Law Vietnam, for reference purposes only. Its copyright is owned by An Law Vietnam and is protected under Clause 2, Article 14 of the Law on Intellectual Property. Your comments are always welcome.

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